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In this study, we isolated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from rhizosphere of Populus euphratica, naturally occurred in Tarim River Basin. We found morphologically similar few AMF spores from rhizosphere of P. euphratica under drought stress. The average AMF spore densities were 53/50 and 32/50g in air dried soil from rhizosphere of mature and seedling of P. euphratica, respectively. The AMF spores were simple and Glomus mosseae in nature, identified by traditional morphological methods and molecular techniques. The G. mosseae fungal spores formed mainly in three different types: alone in the soil, inside of the roots or sporangium. The hypha was single and funnel-shaped at the site of attachment. By optical microscopic observation, the vesicular structures demonstrated a formation by AMF inside the roots of P. euphratica tree. The molecular analysis data showed that a mycorrhizal symbiont was established by G. mosseae associated with P. euphratica root. Moreover, the AMF colonization rate and the infection intensity were not significant high. Specifically, the average colonization frequency (F%) and mycorrhizal infection intensity (M%) were 8.45%, 2.9% for the mature, and 8.62%, 0.3% for the young seedlings of P. euphratica, respectively. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.