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Palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs), are the natural record of overbank flooding and are often found within aeolian loess-soil profiles along the river valleys of the middle Yellow River basin. These pedo-stratigraphic sequences are studied using a multi-disciplinarily approach to reconstruct Holocene hydro-climatic variations. Our field investigations along the lower Jinghe River valley have identified palaeoflood SWDs at several sites along the riverbanks based on sedimentological criteria. Analytical results, including magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution and concentrations of chemical elements, indicate that these well-sorted palaeoflood SWD beds were deposited from the suspended sediment load in floodwaters. We identify two episodes of extraordinary palaeoflood events along the Jinghe River valley. These hydro-climatic events were dated to 42004000 and 32002800 a BP, by using the optically stimulated luminescence method in combination with archaeological dating of retrieved anthropogenic remains, and with pedo-stratigraphic correlations with the previously studied Holocene pedo-stratigraphy in the Jinghe River drainage basin. The flooding events are therefore considered to be a regional expression of known climatic events in the northern hemisphere and demonstrate Holocene climate was far from stable. This study provides important data in understanding the interactions between regional hydro-climatic systems and global change in semi-arid and sub-humid regions. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.