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The mineral magnetic properties of deposited dusts collected along a broadly north-to-south transect across Niger have been investigated on both a bulk and particle size-specific basis. Dusts display a general north-to-south gradient in fine-grained ferrimagnetic mineral (magnetite/maghemite) concentrations, with samples south of the Sahara/Sahel transition (south of similar to 15.5o N) generally containing greater concentrations than dusts from further north where the climate is much drier. This distinction is seen especially clearly in the clay (< 2 mu m) fraction, which harbours the products of weathering and pedogenesis. This gradient in ferrimagnetic mineral concentrations broadly parallels that previously reported for surface soils/sands across a similar latitudinal range. We suggest that the regional distinction in both dust and surface soil/sand magnetic properties can be related to differences in weathering regime between the arid Saharan parts of the transect and the Sahel sites where higher rainfall has permitted stronger weathering and pedogenesis. Given that the weathering-related magnetic signatures in the clays dominate the magnetic properties of the <16 mu m fractions in these samples, and that this particle size component is most likely to be involved in long-range transport, magnetic measurements hold out the potential of discriminating Sahara and Sahel dusts deposited in remote areas. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.