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Threats of desertification have been projected for the Mediterranean basin under relatively minor warming and drying scenarios. This situation raises the need for mitigation strategies and adaptation of crop production. Crop vulnerability assessment is therefore needed. In Tunisia, olive culture is a major activity. In some cases, olive is the only crop able to grow in local conditions. However, olive production may be among the more vulnerable systems to climate change since perennial crops adapt slowly. No studies have been dedicated to vulnerability evaluation of olive production. Here, the vulnerability of Tunisian olive trees to drought was assessed under extremely low precipitation levels, of 50% of normal precipitation, from 1999 to 2002. The impact of drought was quantified using a severity scale with three levels. A map of the impact of drought on olive trees was constructed for all Tunisian olive groves. We found that the number of wilting olive trees in 2002 was 7.8 millions of about 60 millions trees. A correlation was observed between olive tree affection by drought and olive orchard age. Thus, under the same drought conditions, senescent orchards were less resistant to drought than young ones. Locally, data showed that compact soils and soils containing more than 1% gypsum were not suitable for olive growth under drought.