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Various microbialite lithofacies were common in the shallow-water environments which flourished under highly saline and arid climate conditions in the Polish part of the Zechstein (Upper Permian) Main Dolomite (Ca2) carbonates. Data came from detailed analysis of 78 cores from wells located at the southern and northern margins of the Main Dolomite basin in west Poland. Microbialite lithofacies are represented by columnar, planar and domal stromatolites, clotted thrombolites and biolaminites developed in high-to-low energy environments within the upper slope, lower parts of oolitic barrier/shoal, restricted lagoon, and tidal flat and tidal channel zones. In barrier environments ooids were predominant whereas in lagoonal settings microbial oncoids and peloids were common. In basinal settings laminated dolomudstones formed which are regarded as hemipelagic and are partly pelagic microbial in origin. Microbial communities coexisted with algae and developed mainly within shallow marine environments. Microbialites are built of cyanobacterial filaments and organo-mineral coccoidal forms possibly of bacterial origin. Organic geochemistry data confirm that organic matter was transformed by cyanobacteria and bacteria which may have played a main role in hydrocarbon generation. This is confirmed by C(29) to C(35) hopanes, Pr/Ph ratio below 1.0, and the presence of gammacerane as typical for Ca2 profiles. The role and occurrence of algae, as confirmed by C(29)-steranes, in hydrocarbon generation was possibly minor. Thus it is concluded that the Main Dolomite microbialites could be the likely source rocks for hydrocarbons, with calculated original TOC values from 0.8 to ca 2.0 wt. %. These units also form the reservoir rocks, with porosities reaching 20%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.