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Activity patterns social behaviour and reproductive success of Arabian oryx were monitored in a reintroduced population in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area Saudi Arabia During the first year of the study precipitation was 38% lower than the long-term average where as rainfall in the following year resulted in precipitation that was 92 8% of the long-term average These dramatically different rainfall conditions corresponded with distinct patterns in various environmental parameters (air and soil temperature humidity wind speed solar radiation air pressure) Daily activity patterns the frequency of social behaviours and foraging activity were significantly reduced during the drought period The frequency of reproductive behaviour was significantly related to daytime air temperature and radiation with a pronounced reduction of reproductive activities during the drought Monthly rates of conceptions were considerably lower during the drought Our results substantiate the idea that extended dry periods affect the population development of Oryx but also raise questions about habitat suitability and carrying capacity Future management of Arabian oryx should consider extreme climatic events as factors influencing various aspects of the ecology and behaviour of this species This aspect may become even more important in the face of climate change including a future increase of extreme climatic events (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved