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The performance of planted seedlings in drylands is affected by seedling morphological and physiological traits. Recent studies support a positive relationship between seedling size and field performance. However, exceptions to this paradigm suggest that this relationship may be dependent on species and degree of stress. To test the hypothesis that small seedlings would be favored under harsh semi-arid conditions over large seedlings, we produced seedlings of five Mediterranean woody species (Pistacia Ientiscus, Quercus coccifera, Rhamnus lycioides, Rhamnus alaternus and Tetraclinis articulata) under contrasted fertilization regimes, and evaluated their performance after planting in a semi-arid area. Seedlings were cultivated under full sunlight and received either slow release fertilizer or bi-weekly applications of complete nutrient solution, diluted fertirrigation, or nutrient solutions containing no nitrogen or no phosphorus. Fertilization had a strong effect on nutrient status, above and belowground biomass accumulation, and biomass allocation patterns. Root: shoot ratio was higher in nitrogen- and phosphorus-deficient seedlings than in seedlings receiving complete nutrient solution or slow-release fertilizer. One year after planting, seedling survival was negatively correlated with plant size for all species. The effect of nutritional regime on field survival decreased over the 2 following years. Our results show that nutrient-deprived seedlings are more likely to establish under semi-arid conditions than well-fertilized seedlings, suggesting that morphological and functional characteristics associated with nutrient deficiency may outbalance the scarcity of nutrient reserves in seedling tissues. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.