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We quantify erosion rates in the higher sectors of the Huasco Valley, in the Main Cordillera of the semi-arid Andes of Chile, using elevation differences between three successive geomorphic markers (pediments and paleo-valleys) and the present day valley. Available Ar-Ar ages of Neogene pediments are used to estimate mean erosion rates for the three periods (16 to 13 My, 13 to 8 My, and following 8 My). The landscape of the Huasco Valley is in a transient state, as indicated by well-preserved pediment surfaces in interfluves, valleys deeply incised by fluvial and glacial erosion and scarped head-valleys that represent the current knickzones. Higher erosion rates (45-75 m/My) are calculated for the more recent period (< 8 My) during which deep incision developed compared to previous periods (6-31 m/My). Quantitative data indicate that glaciers had a much higher erosional capability than fluvial activity in the higher sectors of the Main Cordillera. Comparison with erosion rates calculated in other drainage basins of the Chilean Andes suggests that the variability of erosion rates depends on the landscape’s transient erosive state. The landscape’s geomorphologic response to the uplift of the Main Cordillera results in the retreat of a knickzone, for which retreat velocity depends on precipitation rate pattern and glacial erosion intensity. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.