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In Sub-Saharan Africa, indigenous fruit trees play vital roles in nutrition and food security particularly, in food shortage times. Sclerocarya birrea subsp. birrea, an indigenous dioecious fruit tree is such a resource with strong multipurpose use characteristics in semi-arid zones of West Africa. We assessed sex ratio, spatial distribution among male and female adult trees using second-order spatial statistics and assessed folk perception of dioecism among the natural populations in protected areas and surrounding agroforestry systems. A field survey showed that 55% of interviewees were aware of sex separation in the species. Some used bark appearance to make distinction between sexes, but this morphological criterion was not consistent with statistical results. The sex ratio did not deviate significantly from 0.5 in any of the districts or land use types. Bivariate spatial analysis with pair correlation function revealed no spatial association between male and female individuals. Moreover, a strict spatial segregation of sexes was not observed even though some individuals of the same sex could sometimes be found together. Results confirmed the functional dioecy of the species and showed that the species did not display any apparent sex-specific dimorphism outside the reproduction period or any apparent sex-specific requirement for environment conditions.