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The model that chronic arsenic (As) exposure causes many teratogenic consequences is tested. Ancient northern Chilean populations appear to be optimal to undertake such a study as these populations are believed to have been largely stationary and ingested significant As levels over time. The Camarones River water, along the Atacama Desert, has extreme As values, 100 times above the norm. We tested the hypothesis that ancient populations, starting with the Chinchorro culture, 5000 years B.C., were significantly affected by this heavy metal and massive arsenic contamination played a role in the origin of Chinchorro artificial mummification practices. We examined 199 skeletons, housed at the Museo Arqueologico San Miguel de Azapa, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile, searching for seven teratogenic related pathological conditions: cleft palate, polydactyly, syndactyly, spina bifida, club foot, eye malformations, and hip joint dislocation. Of the seven pathological conditions under assessment, only spina bifida was clearly found in the surveyed sample. Thus, the As teratogenic hypothesis cannot be fully demonstrated. However, the Presence of spina bifida in the three valleys suggests a genetic-environmental interplay within the populations. The endemic presence of As in both the Chinchorro mummies and their material culture do strongly support the As hypothesis as a valid explanation for why the Chinchorro first began to anthropogenically mummify their dead.