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The results of a biodiversity survey of a xeric Mexican Biosphere Reserve are presented. This survey represents the first intensive study of cacti and succulent plants ever carried out for myxomycetes. The results include 104 species and one variety, identified from 1200 records from field and moist chamber culture collections. Two new species (Didymium tehuacanense and Perichaena stipitata), found on decayed remains of Succulent plants, are described. Eleven species (Comatricha reticulosporo, Cribraria lepida, Didymium clavodecus, D. eremophilum, D. orthonemata, D. sturgisii, D. subreticulosporum, Licea belmontiana, Macbrideola oblonga, M. synsporos and Perichaena quadrata) are new records for the Neotropics, and seven others taxa have not been recorded previously from Mexico. Taxonomic comments, data on distribution and SM, LM and SEM micrographs of selected species are included. An analysis of the relationships that exist between myxomycetes and the substrates on which they develop confirms the presence of a distinct assemblage of myxomycetes associated with specific plants from and environments. Hypotheses are proposed for the patterns of species distribution and the ecological requirements of this specialised myxobiota.