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This work aimed to study. the divergence between Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier populations from the semiarid region of the State of Bahia, by means of morphometric character analysis. Sixty-six colonies from 24 localities were used to collect 10 workers per colony. Three distinct groups were formed, according to the geographic distribution of the colonies: one consisted of colonies located near the Northeastern region of Bahia, a second group comprised colonies distributed across the central region of Bahia, while the third group was formed by colonies located in the state’s Southwestern region. A partial-correlation test (Mantel’s test) between matrices indicated that most of the morphometric variation for the size character is influenced by elevation (r=0.54 p>0.01). It is concluded that there is significant genetic divergence (P <= 0.001) between Melipona quadrifasciata populations from the different semiarid regions of the State of Bahia, Brazil, probably due to the geographic barriers that prevent or reduce the gene flow between populations of this species among the various localities of that region.