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Despite the important role played by microbiotic crusts ill desert ecosystems, data concerning their recovery rates are scarce and are mainly based on estimates that fluctuate between several years to a few hundred years. In order to study the recovery rates of microbiotic crusts inhabiting sand dunes in the western Negev Desert, Israel, annual measurement of chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates and moss counts were carried out during 1990-1995. Measurements were taken in two pairs of plots (1.5-6.3 m(2)) established in each north- and south-facing aspect from which the upper 10 cm surface from one plot of each pair was removed. Recovery of the crusts was fast with surface-removed plots showing a complete recovery of chlorophyll a within 6-7 years, of protein within 6-8 years and of carbohydrates within 8-9 years. Recovery of the mosses was slightly longer at 17-22 years. The data are higher than the lower estimates of recovery but much lower than the higher estimates proposed in the literature. The data also suggest that upon prohibition of goat and sheep grazing (and consequently trampling) a relatively rapid stabilization process may take place in the north-eastern Sinai dune field. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.