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We measured Ca stable isotope ratios (delta(44/40)Ca) in an ancient (2 My), hyperarid soil where the primary source of mobile Ca is atmospheric deposition. Most of the Ca in the upper meter of this soil (3.5 kmol m(-2)) is present as sulfates (2.5 kmol m(-2)), and to a lesser extent carbonates (0.4 kmol m(-2)). In aqueous extracts of variably hydrated calcium sulfate minerals, delta(44/40) Ca(E) values (vs. bulk Earth) increase with depth (1.4m) from a minimum of-1.91%, to a maximum of +0.59 parts per thousand. The trend in carbonate-delta(44/40)Ca in the top six horizons resembles that of sulfate delta(44/40)Ca, but with values 0.1-0.6 parts per thousand higher. The range of observed Ca isotope values in this soil is about half that of delta(44/40)Ca values observed on Earth. Linear correlation among delta(44/40) Ca, delta(34)S and delta(18)O values indicates either (a) a simultaneous change in atmospheric input values for all three elements over time, or (b) isotopic fractionation of all three elements during downward transport. We present evidence that the latter is the primary cause of the isotopic variation that we observe. Sulfate-delta(34)S values are positively correlated with sulfate-delta(18)O values (R(2) = 0.78) and negatively correlated with sulfate delta(44/40)Ca(E) values (R(2) = 0.70). If constant fractionation and conservation of mass with downward transport are assumed, these relationships indicate a delta(44/40)Ca fractionation factor of -0.4 parts per thousand in CaSO(4). The overall depth trend in Ca isotopes is reproduced by a model of isotopic fractionation during downward Ca transport that considers small and infrequent but regularly recurring rainfall events. Near surface low Ca isotope values are reproduced by a Rayleigh model derived from measured Ca concentrations and the Ca fractionation factor predicted by the relationship with S isotopes. This indicates that the primary mechanism of stable isotope fractionation in CaSO(4) is incremental and effectively irreversible removal of an isotopically enriched dissolved phase by downward transport during small rainfall events. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.