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The Negev Bedouin are desert dwellers in high summer heat and scarce shade and water. They are under pressure to cease their traditional way of life. To document, while still possible, how traditional Bedouin nutritional habits may have accommodated to these conditions, we evaluated sodium appetite, diet and drinking in Bedouin women (n = 31) who still partially maintained their traditional way of life in isolated tribal encampments in the spring of 2005. Data were compared to urban Bedouin women (it = 15), and to urban Jewish women (n = 15) representing mainstream dietary habits in the same region, and to published data. About 60% (by energy) of the encampment diet is traditional, but this proportion is reduced in summer. Encampment Bedouin women rated concentrated salt solution as more preferred than other groups, added 40% more salt to an ideal test soup and had a similar to 50% greater absolute dietary sodium intake. The sodium content of the traditional Bedouin diet is similar to 25% higher than the Jewish women’s diet. This enhanced sodium appetite is reflected in the value of salt in their folklore. The possible causes of the enhanced salt appetite are considered. In addition, dietary intake (M = 3470, SE = 285 kcal) was similar to 50% greater than in urban Jewish women. Fluid intake (similar to 2.4 L/d) was similar to 20% greater than Jewish women, but may have been inadequate in the exposed encampments because 8 of the 31 women reported an occurrence of dehydration, 6 of them while pregnant. Encampment women BMI (30.3 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)) was high, and health problems were typical of populations in transition. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.