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The Barstovian of the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., is known mainly from deposits east of the continental divide; this article provides new information from west of the divide. The biostratigraphic, geologic magnetostratigraphic, and lithostratigraphic setting is reported for an unusually complete Arikareean, Hemingfordian, and Barstovian stratigraphic section known as the Railroad Canyon Sequence in Montana and Idaho. At least 35 taxa of fossil vertebrates collected from 50 different localities are placed in stratigraphic context. Lithostratigraphic attributes indicate the presence of a freshwater lake during the Arikareean, intermittent saline lakes through much of the Hemingfordian, a late Hemingfordian unconformity (the Mid-Tertiary Unconformity), and absence of persistent lakes through the Barstovian. The sequence records the development of increasingly arid conditions in the depositional basin. A change in bedding attitude and generally coarser sediments above the Mid-Tertiary Unconformity indicate uplift of the region during the Barstovian, possibly accompanied by slight structural tilting. The analysis helps date Barstovian faunas, and provides a useful tie point for correlating the Barstovian Land-Mammal Age to the magnetostratigraphic and radioisotopic scale in the western Rockies, and ultimately to the Global Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). It also suggests that the Mid-Tertiary unconformity is approximately coeval on the eastern and western flanks of the mountains, supporting tectonic models that require regional uplift between ca. 16.8 and 17.5 Ma.