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The effects of land-use changes on the runoff process in the midstream plain of this arid inland river basin are a key factor in the rational allocation of water resources to the middle and lower reaches. The question is whether and by how much increasingly heavy land use impacts the hydrological processes in such an arid inland river basin. The catchment of the Heihe River, one of the largest inland rivers in the arid region of northwest China, was chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to land-use change. Flow duration curves were used to detect trends and variations in runoff between the upper and lower reaches. Relationships among precipitation, upstream runoff, and hydrological variables were identified to distinguish the effects of climatic changes and upstream runoff changes on middle and downstream runoff processes. The quantitative relation between midstream cultivated land use and various parameters of downstream runoff processes were analysed using the four periods of land-use data since 1956. The Volterra numerical function relation of the hydrological non-linear system response was utilized to develop a multifactor hydrological response simulation model based on the three factors of precipitation, upstream runoff, and cultivated land area. The results showed that, since 1967, the medium- and high-coverage natural grassland area in the midstream region has decreased by 80.1%, and the downstream runoff has declined by 27.32% due to the continuous expansion of the cultivated land area. The contribution of cultivated land expansion to the impact on the annual total runoff is 14-31%. on the annual, spring and winter base flow it is 44-75%, and on spring and winter discharge it is 23-64%. Once the water conservation plan dominated by land-use structural adjustments is implemented over the next 5 years, the mean annual discharge in the lower reach could increase by 8.98% and the spring discharge by 26.28%. This will significantly alleviate the imbalance between water supply and demand in both its quantity and temporal distribution in the middle and lower reaches. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.