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This study uses analysis of faecal pellets to assess the diet of the bilby (Macrotis lagotis) in an area spanning over 230000 km(2) in the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory. More specifically, we examine the link between diet composition, bilby prevalence and the landscape variables of fire, rainfall and substrate. Seed promoted by fire, particularly of Yakirra australiense, was found to be one of the most important components of the diet and constituted similar to 36% of the relative abundance of identifiable food particles. Bulb from Cyperus bulbosus was also an important component of the diet (18.5% relative abundance). Invertebrates accounted for 39% of the identifable food particles, and termites and beetles were the most common types. Bulb and seed formed a greater component of the diet in the central part of the study area where bilbies were more prevalent. Conversely, invertebrates were more dominant in the bilby diet on the northern and southern periphery of the Tanami Desert. Substrate type and antecedent rainfall associated significantly with the amount of seed from fire-promoted plants and total plant contained in the diet. Time since fire was an additional factor associated with the abundance of dietary fire-promoted seed. This suggests that the spatial and temporal variability of these landscape variables play an important role in controlling the availability of seed and bulb resources used by the bilby, and thus affect bilby prevalence. The results support the proposition that seed and bulb plant foods are exploited opportunistically and invertebrates, especially termites, are relied upon when plant food resources are scarce. Furthermore, the findings indicate that fire management could be used as a means to increase the favourability of habitat for the bilby in parts of its current range.