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Patchy distribution of vegetation within semi-arid shrublands is normally mirrored in the soil beneath perennial shrubs (macrophytic patches), compared to inter-shrub areas (microphytic patches). To determine impacts of (1) litterfall inputs within vegetation patches and (2) rainfall distribution on soil C and N, we investigated soil C and N pools and associated soil properties in two semi-arid shrublands, in the Negev Desert of Israel (Lehavim), which receives > 90% of annual rainfall during winter and in the Chihuahuan Desert, USA (FHMR) that experiences a bimodal (Summer-Winter) annual rainfall pattern. We also evaluated grazing effects on soil C and N pools at Lehavim. More distinct differences in soil properties existed between patch types at the Negev site, where the soils contained higher soil organic C and N, amino acids and sugars, asparaginase activity and plant-available N than those at FHM R. Soil organic C (0-5 cm) in macrophytic patches was 39 g/kg at Lehavim and 13 g/kg at FHMR, and asparaginase activity was as high as 70 mu g N/g 2 h in macrophytic patches at Lehavim, two times higher than at FHMR. The soil (0-5 cm) delta C-13 was -15 to -18 parts per thousand at Lehavim and -18 to -19 parts per thousand at FHMR, with significantly lower delta C-13 in macrophytic patches at both sites. The delta C-13 suggested that considerable macrophytic patch soil C was derived from cyanobacteria at Lehavim and C4 grasses at FHMR. Plant litter delta N-15 was 0.9 parts per thousand at Lehavim and 0.6 parts per thousand at FHMR, suggesting that much plant N was derived from N fixation. Concentrations of inorganic soil N (NH4+ + NO3-) were up to 37 mg N/kg at Lehavim and < 9 mg N/kg at FHMR. Grazing at Lehavim resulted in lower soil CH, AA, and AS. We conclude that differences between the sites are due largely to (i) higher amounts of litterfall C and N inputs within macrophytic patches at Lehavim and (ii) the different precipitation patterns, with summer precipitation at FHMR promoting increased organic matter mineralization compared to Lehavim, which experiences Winter precipitation only. Furthermore, greater differences in soil properties between patch types at Lchavim compared to FHMR can likely be attributed to the increasing importance of physical processes of resource dispersion at the more humid site in Arizona. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.