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A major drought occurred over India in the year 2002 with a seasonal rainfall deficit of 21.5%, a result of 56% below normal rainfall in the month of July. The largest anomalies occurred in the western parts of India, when an Indian monsoon field experiment was in progress there. The present study is based primarily on data collected from a research ship that was deployed 100-250 km off the west coast of India for the experiment. Surface and upper air observations made over the eastern Arabian Sea during July 2002 are presented. Sea-surface conditions were favourable for supporting deep convection over the study area. Strong atmospheric inversions around 800 hPa prevented the growth of cumulonimbus during the first half and towards the end of July. A second inversion above the melting level was also prominently present. The strength and persistence of the inversions are unusual. Back-trajectory analysis reveals a major change in the low-level circulation during July 2002 with frequent advection of dry air from over the deserts around the eastern Arabian Sea instead of marine air from across the equator.