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The eastern Sahara of Egypt, Sudan and Libya - also called the ’Libyan Desert’- constitutes the most and part of the entire Sahara, with almost no rainfall and thus a lack of any human occupation. For this reason, and because the climate regime is not influenced by higher topographic features, this region provides a unique study area for the relationship between changing climates and human occupation, using Man as a sensitive indicator of past living conditions. In a synoptic view based on some 500 radiocarbon dates, the Holocene human occupation of the eastern Sahara is presented here in four major time slices. To cite this article: R. Kuper, C R. Palevol 5 (2006). (c) 2005 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.