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We studied olfactory learning in two ant species, Camponotus mus from Argentina and Camponotus fellah from Israel. To this end, we established an experimental laboratory protocol in which individual ants were trained to associate odours with gustatory reinforcers. Ants were trained individually to forage in a Y-maze in which two odours had to be discriminated. One odour was positively reinforced with sucrose solution and the other was negatively reinforced with quinine solution. After a training session of 24 trials, ants of both species learned to differentiate the two odour pairs, the structurally dissimilar limonene and octanal, and the structurally similar heptanal and 2-heptanone. In nonreinforced tests, ants consistently chose the odour previously reinforced with sucrose solution and spent more time searching in the arm of the maze presenting this odour. Learning performances were more robust in the case of limonene versus heptanal. These results thus show for the first time that individual ants perceive and learn odours in controlled laboratory conditions. (c) 2006 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.