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OSL dating of weakly consolidated, root-bound, non-calcareous quartz arenites in northeast Jordan, currently assigned to the Plio-Pleistocene Azraq Formation, suggests a Middle Pleistocene (652 +/- 47 ka) age. The sandstones are up to 15.5 m thick and overlain by a 2.5 m thick Holocene gypcrete caprock. Facies and textural analyses suggest that the sandstones are predominantly aeolian in origin, mainly derived from Tertiary sediments exposed close to the depositional site. The sands were transported by the prevailing NW winds and deposited in a broad, relatively flat sand sheet environment. Rhizoliths occur throughout the sandstones, mainly as long, downward tapering, vertical tap roots, rarely branched and with few laterals. Microscopic examination of root cores replaced by carbonate reveals the presence of alveolar fabrics, possible needle fibre calcite, calcified organic filaments of fungal, root vessel and root hair origins, characteristic of low magnesium beta calcretes, typical of humid climates.

Morphologically the roots resemble modern shrub-like species typical of desert environments where water availability at the surface and in the subsurface was sufficient to support an effective vegetation cover. Plots of stratigraphic variations in root length, root spacing and root frequency reflect temporal variations in the water table level and precipitation during sand deposition. All three parameters show a similar crude cyclicity consistent with fluctuations in the level of the water table with the most moist phase beneath the predominantly waterlain Holocene gypcrete when trees appeared for the first time. The gypcrete signifies a change to temporary wetter conditions and may mark the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene in this area. Although pedogenic horizonation is poorly developed, especially in desert sands, the beta calcretes and rhizocretions typically form within active soil zones. Soils do not form where rainfall is < 150 mm per year, and above 350 mm complete leaching of the edaphon occurs. However, above 300 mm per year shrubs are replaced by grassland, hence rainfall is inferred to have been 150-300 mm per year, much higher than the < 50 mm in the area today. The age of the sandstones may correlate with isotopic event 17, dated at 659 ka, when the Pleistocene climate in Jordan was characterised by and to semi-arid phases interrupted by shorter more humid phases, when the water table was higher and the precipitation/evaporation balance greater than today. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.