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The moist chamber culture technique was used to study the ecology of myxomycetes from a winter-cold desert of the Caspian Lowland (Russia). The rank-abundance plot is best described by the models of geometric and logarithmic distribution and less by MacArthur model of broken stick. Texture of the plant bark is one of the main factors that effect the biodiversity of epiphytic species. It was found that the average width of the ecological niche for the factors of microhabitat (pH and type of substrate) was less than for the factors of the whole habitat (light and wind exposure). Species occurring on the bark of plants are characterized by narrower ecological niche than the species occur ring on leaf litter and decayed wood. For different species there have been registered differences in speed of sporophore development. The pairs, of species with high positive association were revealed. Species composition of myxomycetes of the northwestern Caspian Lowland is very similar to that of the other and regions of the world.