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Oxygen consumption, evaporative water loss and body temperature were investigated in four subpopulations of sedentary Fiscal Shrike in South Africa across an altitudinal gradient from east to west. Subpopulations were found to be significantly different in the physiological parameters investigated. Fiscal Shrikes from the more mesic habitats at low altitude (Durban and Merrivale) were found to have higher basal metabolic rates, evaporative water loss and body temperatures, compared with shrikes from semi-arid areas of low habitat productivity at high altitude (Estcourt and Harrismith). Fiscal Shrikes also displayed significant differences in circadian rhythms of oxygen consumption, evaporative water loss and body temperature. Fiscal Shrikes showed seasonal acclimatisation of thermoregulatory parameters, increasing their basal metabolic rates and oxygen consumption in cold conditions, and reducing their body temperatures from summer to winter. Deviations of physiological parameters from those predicted by allometry were attributed to the plasticity at a phenotypic level that allows survival in a range of environmental conditions associated with unpredictable resource availability in southern Africa. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.