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Air temperatures of greater than 35 degreesC are frequently encountered in groundnut-growing regions, especially in the semi-arid tropics. Such extreme temperatures are likely to increase in frequency under future predicted climates. High air temperatures result in failure of peg and pod set due to lower pollen viability. The response of pollen germination and pollen tube growth to temperature was quantified in order to identify differences in pollen tolerance to temperature among 21 groundnut genotypes. Plants were grown from sowing to harvest in a poly-tunnel under an optimum temperature of 28/22 degreesC (day/night). Pollen was collected at anther dehiscence and was exposed to temperatures from 10 to 47.5 degreesC at 2.5 degreesC intervals. The results showed that a modified bilinear model most accurately described the response to temperature of percentage pollen germination and maximum pollen tube length. Genotypes were found to range from most tolerant to most susceptible based on both pollen characters and membrane thermostability. Mean cardinal temperatures (T-min, T-opt and T-max) averaged over 21 genotypes were 14.1, 30.1 and 43.0 degreesC for percentage pollen germination and 14.6, 34.4 and 43.4 degreesC for maximum pollen tube length. The genotypes 55-437, ICG 1236, TMV 2 and ICGS 11 can be grouped as tolerant to high temperature and genotypes Kadiri 3, ICGV 92116 and ICGV 92118 as susceptible genotypes, based on the cardinal temperatures. The principal component analysis identified maximum percentage pollen germination and pollen tube length of the genotypes, and Tmax for the two processes as the most important pollen parameters in describing a genotypic tolerance to high temperature. The Tmin and Topt for pollen germination and tube growth, rate of pollen tube growth were less predictive in discriminating genotypes for high temperature tolerance. Genotypic differences in heat tolerance-based on pollen response were poorly related (R-2=0.334, P=0.006) to relative injury as determined by membrane thermostability.