干旱区生态环境知识资源中心

Nine months of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)/Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) broadband fluxes combined with the TRMM visible infrared scanner (VIRS) high-resolution imager measurements are used to estimate the daily average direct radiative effect of aerosols for clear-sky conditions over the tropical oceans. On average, aerosols have a cooling effect over the Tropics of 4.6+/-1 W m(-2). The magnitude is approximate to2 W m 22 smaller over the southern tropical oceans than it is over northern tropical oceans. The direct effect derived from CERES is highly correlated with coincident aerosol optical depth (tau) retrievals inferred from 0.63-mum VIRS radiances (correlation coefficient of 0.96). The slope of the regression line is approximate to -32 W m(-2) tau(-1) over the equatorial Pacific Ocean, but changes both regionally and seasonally, depending on the aerosol characteristics. Near sources of biomass burning and desert dust, the aerosol direct effect reaches -25 to -30 W m(-2). The direct effect from CERES also shows a dependence on wind speed. The reason for this dependence is unclear-it may be due to increased aerosol (e. g., sea-salt or aerosol transport) or increased surface reflection (e. g., due to whitecaps). The uncertainty in the tropical average direct effect from CERES is approximate to1 W m(-2) (approximate to20%) due mainly to cloud contamination, the radiance-to-flux conversion, and instrument calibration. By comparison, uncertainties in the direct effect from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and CERES "ERBE-like’’ products are a factor of 3-5 times larger.