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This study deals with the cyanobacterial composition, and the nitrogen fixation of four members, of cryptobiotic crusts collected from eroded soils in a transitional area between arid and tropical climatic environments. Identification was based on microscopic analyses. Morphotypes were identified directly from reactivated natural crusts and from cultured strains. The identified morphotypes were Scytonema cf. ocellatum; Scytonema sp., Microcoleus cf. paludosus; M. cf. sociatus; Calothrix cf. elenkinii; C. cf. marchica; Nostoc cf. microscopicum; and Phormidium sp. Results show that the cyanobacterial composition of the microbiotic crusts studied is different from those in warmer and cooler deserts, particularly the absence of Microcoleus cf. vaginatus and Nostoc cf. commune in our samples. Such differences could be caused by the transitional character of the area. The results of the acetylene reduction assay show that the capacity of nitrogen fixation of some morphotypes is limited to the heterocyst-forming morphotypes.