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Population and taxonomy of actinomycetes in Mongolian soils were studied. It was revealed that, in mountain soils, the population of actinomycetes is small (thousands CFU/g soil in forest soils and tens of thousands CFU/g soil in steppe mountain soils), and they belong to three genera (Streptomyces, Streptosporangium, and Micromonospora) with Streptosporangium predominating. In steppe chestnut and steppe-desert pale brown soils of Southern Gobi, the population of actinomycetes increases slightly (tens of thousands CFU/g soil), and the taxonomic diversity rises. Along with Streptomyces, Streptosporangium, and Micromonospora, actinomycetes from rare genera Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, and Actinomadura were found here. Alluvial meadow soils of the Selenga and Tola rivers are characterized by a higher population of actinomycetes, and larger spectra of genera with a predominance of Micromonospora. The specific features of actinomycete complexes make it possible to use them for the characterization of the main Mongolian ecosystems.