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The investigations presented in this paper focus on the shifts in Pleistocene glaciations and the geomorphic changes in landforms, as well as lake level changes and aeolian deposits of the last glacial-interglacial cycle, including the Holocene. Geomorphic evidence and high lake levels show that the climate was more humid before the last glacial maximum (LGM); however, at least one arid phase also occurred. During the second half of the LGM the climate was dry and cold, turning to wet and cold during the Late Glacial of the last Ice Age. Fluctuations in humidity and temperature occurred during the Holocene. Since about 2000 yr BP the impact of human activity has increased. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.