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Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) populations are declining in parts of their North American range, though apparently they are stable in other areas. Information on the species, ecological requirements and demographic characteristics throughout its distribution are needed to understand changes that affect its local status. In 1979 and 1985-1986, Swainson’s hawks in the Mapimi desert in northern Mexico nested on the top of 2-4 m high mesquite and yucca trees in "playas" (flat valleys). Dominant vegetation associations around the nests were species of Prosopis-Larrea and Prosopis-Fouquieria-Yucca. The first three factors of a principal component analysis explained 90% of the total variance, showing that topography, nest-tree structure, and distance to human activity were the factors most correlated with the presence of nests. Swainson’s hawks in Mapimi fed mainly on ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.), lizards (Phrynosoma spp. and Sceloporus spp.), and some groups of invertebrates (Coleoptera, Orthoptera). Prey and nest-site availability may be responsible for the high density and productivity of Swainson’s hawk in the Mapimi desert.