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The natural history of chromoblastomycosis was studied in Madagascar by analysing the characteristics of 1323 confirmed cases observed since 1955, including 45 patients receiving a new antifungic drug (terbinafine) during a multicentric study organized in 1995. The surveys data, conserved by he histopathology laboratory in the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar during 40 years, permit this retrospective analysis. The description of two ecosystems, one in the North with Fonsecaea pedrosoi evolving in the tropical rainforest and one in the South with Cladophialophora carrionii (41 % of the whole sample) isolated in the spiny desert, demonstrates that the deforestation, in order to product charcoal and to build houses, is the primary factor associated with this disease. The epidemiologic (87 % of patients are male and 96 % are more than 16 years old, with more than 74 % of the lesions located on feet and legs), mycologic (62 % of the isolated strains belong to the F. pedrosoi species) and therapeutic (low efficiency of thiabendazole in long-term lesions, high efficiency of terbinafine especially on recent lesions and on Cladophialophora-infected patients) aspects of the natural history of chromomycosis confirmed that Madagascar is the most important focus in the world (global prevalence of about 1 for 8500 inhabitants), with few sporadic cases in the other islands of the Indian Ocean (La Reunion, Comoro islands and Mayotte). In the difficult context of Madagascar, the need for a non-specialized laboratory-applicable diagnostic technique that provides infection and species identification led the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar to develop an ELISA-based technique. A large-scale control throughout the country, with the assessment of effective oral chemotherapy with terbinafine, is seen as possible by the authors with the help of the manufacturer.