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1. We examined the desert-dwelling grasshopper, Calliptamus barbarus, to determine whether it used evaporative cooling, and if differences existed in the use of evaporative cooling between the small males and larger females. Male C, barbarus are the smallest grasshoppers tested for their use of evaporative cooling.

2. Calliptamus barbarus use evaporative cooling at high ambient temperatures to keep their body temperature below lethal levels. This has been shown in insects such as cicadas, bees and other grasshoppers. Maximal water loss rates for C. barbarus are similar (8-10% of body mass per hour) to those of other grasshoppers.

3. Male C. barbarus weigh 370 mg on average, and are 20% of the females’ mass. At low ambient temperatures males evaporated 13.31 +/- 1.14 mg water/h (n = 12), a similar rate to that in females, who evaporated 17.53 +/- 2.03 mg water/h (n = 29), but a considerably greater fraction of body mass per unit time. At high ambient temperatures, the males lost less in absolute terms, but a similar amount relative to body mass. The differences are partially accounted for by scaling effects, but for the most part, the reasons for these differences are unclear. They may be linked to differences in ventilatory patterns between males and females or differences in cuticular permeability, the two major pathways of water loss in insects. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.