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Management of fertilizer N in dryland cropping systems in the semi-arid Great Plains is important to the economic and environmental sustainability of these systems. As producers shift from the traditional tilled winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.)-fallow (WF) cropping systems to those that include summer crops in the rotation, N management becomes more important because yield losses as a result of underfertilization become greater. Fertilizer N rate is more important in obtaining optimum yields of dryland crops than N placement in drier environments, while placement becomes more important as rainfall increases. Soil testing is an accurate method of quantifying the residual soil nitrate-N level in the root zone. However, a combination of soil testing, fertilizer N experiences of the producer, and projected N requirement (expected yield) are the best factors producers can use in determining fertilizer N rates. If soil testing occurs early in the spring/summer fallow period preceding planting, a correction to the fertilizer N recommendation should be made to account for N mineralization that occurs between soil sampling and planting. This can prevent overfertilization. Dryland systems appear to have a soil-plant N buffer capacity that prevents inorganic N accumulation at fertilizer N rates that exceed optimal N requirements to meet crop needs. Recent research has reported N buffering in the range of 21 to 76 lb N/acre per yr for annually cropped dryland wheat production systems. This means that the application of from 21 to 76 lb N/acre per yr did not result in an accumulation of inorganic N in the soil. This concept should be evaluated on additional datasets, and, if found to be applicable to a range of conditions, it could have an effect on establishing environmentally safe fertilizer N rates for dryland cropping systems.