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The mineral component of pelagic sediment is brought to the deep sea by transport in the wind. Extraction and analysis of this dust allows estimation of the past aridity of the eolian source region, via flux determinations, and of the intensity of the transporting winds, from grain size data. These two parameters, the grain size and mass flux of dust, vary independently. There are three significant sources of modem dust, eastern and central Asia, northwest Africa, and Arabia, all in the northern hemisphere. As the rainfall associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone is an effective barrier to southerly transport of dust, the northern hemisphere is an order of magnitude more ’’dusty’’ than is the southern, an asymmetry that has characterized most of the Cenozoic. Eolian flux data show that most of the northern hemisphere was more arid during glacial maxima, with 3 to 5 times as much dust transported during glacial stages than during interglacials; only northwestern South America varied in the opposite sense. The periodicity of Quaternary variation in both eolian flux and eolian grain size data is strongly influenced by the Milankovitch cycles of orbital variability. Wind intensities vary on a shorter time scale than the general 100-kyr cycles of glaciation and general aridity. Eolian grain sizes display forcing at precessional (19 and 23 kyr), tilt (41 kyr), and at approximately 30 kyr periodicities. As a result the generalization that winds are uniformly stronger during glacial times is not valid. Whole-Cenozoic records show that the largest change in dust flux, an order of magnitude increase, occurred in the northern hemisphere and reflects continental drying associated with the late Pliocene onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. Southern hemisphere eolian records show no sign of paleoclimatic changes in the late Pliocene. The most important change in Cenozoic atmospheric circulation was a severalfold reduction in wind intensity that occurred at the time of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Before then, latest Cretaceous and Paleocene winds were essentially as strong as those of the late Cenozoic. This shift appears to be one of several climatic responses to a change in the nature and amount of global heat transport at about 55 Ma.