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The HLA-DPB1 alleles in 93 Australian aborigines, from two geographically separate areas within Australia, were studied by AFLP analysis. There was a restricted range of DPB1 alleles seen in the aboriginal population, and the distribution of alleles varied between the two aboriginal groups. DPB1*0501 was the most common allele in the aborigines from the Central Desert, whereas DPB1*0401 was the most frequent allele in the Northern Coast aborigines. A new AFLP pattern was observed, and was found to correspond to the allele DPB1*2201, recently identified by SSO analysis. The DPB1 allele frequency distribution for both of the aboriginal groups was different from that seen for the Australian Caucasoid population.