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To obtain a geographic estimation of the risk of cutaneous and visceral leishmanioses in eastern Algeria, the authors used the vector indicator expressed in relative densities of Phlebotomus species. Two sampling zones were identified, a northern humid-to-semiarid zone and a southen arid and perarid zone. Samples were collected according to the itinerary-transect method after bioclimatic stratification. Analysis of correspondences between species and sites was used to interpret distributions according to the zones defined above. The distribution of different vectors was thereby determined: P. (Larroussius) perniciosus, vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the sub-humid and semi-arid bioclimatic zones is dominant in the north. P. (Phlebotomus) papatasi, vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis mainly found in the south.