Arid
梭梭自然更新过程的生态学研究
其他题名Ecological studies on the natural regeneration process of Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey) Bunge
吕朝燕
出版年2013
学位类型博士
导师张希明
学位授予单位中国科学院大学
中文摘要梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是藜科(Chenopodiacea)梭梭属(Haloxylon Bunge)小乔木,作为准噶尔盆地荒漠植被的主要建群种,具有防风固沙、改善气候、改良土壤等多种功能,由其所构成的荒漠梭梭林是新疆的重要森林资源,又是荒漠生态系统的主体,是保护绿洲的天然屏障,在维护荒漠—绿洲生态平衡中具有极其重要的作用。近半个多世纪以来,由于滥垦、乱樵、过牧等不合理的开发利用,梭梭林资源锐减,并导致原本以固定、半固定沙丘为主的古尔班通古特沙漠沙丘活化。随着全球气候变化以及人类活动的增加,高温干旱、土地荒漠化、盐渍化以及生物多样性丧失等一系列环境问题的加剧,梭梭林未来的命运,已经引起人们的担忧。自然更新是天然林生活史得以延续的本质,是巩固发展现有森林、保持森林功能可持续的重要前提。自然更新过程从种子产生、扩散、萌发、到幼苗定居、建成, 每个阶段都面临着适应外界环境挑战。本研究以梭梭自然更新过程为研究对象,重点研究梭梭种子的产量、质量、种子活力保持时间、种子散布、幼苗萌发出土、幼苗建成等与梭梭自然更新间的关系,探讨梭梭自然更新实现的关键阶段和关键生态影响因子。研究结果表明: 梭梭适应性较强,可以分布在沙土、粘土、盐渍土、砾石戈壁等多种生境。6个不同生境梭梭种群植株密度从平均500株/hm2到4843株/hm2不等。6个梭梭种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ径级个体数分别占其所在种群所有径级个体总数的96.21%、63.38%、94.38%、81.49%、62.42%、87.56%,所研究的6个梭梭种群均以小径级个体为主。同时,所研究6个梭梭种群的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ径级个体死亡率最大,其后死亡率迅速降低,随后种群趋于稳定。整体来看,梭梭种群属于增长型。 种子数量分析表明,6个梭梭种群单株平均种子产量从2.36g到256.90g不等,对应的单株平均种子数量从1056粒到140823粒不等。梭梭种子散布从11月初开始,到第二年1月中旬基本结束,历时3个月左右。6个梭梭种群整个种子雨过程累积种子雨密度从平均17粒/m2到1208粒/m2不等。种子到达地面以后,部分因动物采食、萌发等失去活力,部分保留在土壤中,形成土壤种子库。6个梭梭种群土壤种子库中留存种子数量从平均17粒/m2到696粒/m2不等。在4月到10月的幼苗阶段,梭梭幼苗数量随时间推移而迅速减少,到10月时仅剩平均16株/m2,并且这些仅存的幼苗仍将经受冬季严寒的考验。可见,从种子到幼苗阶段梭梭个体数量的减少是非常巨大的,通过不同阶段环境因子的层层筛选,仅有极少量的梭梭种子能够最终长成幼苗并存活。 从种子质量上看,6个梭梭种群种子千粒重从平均1.49g到2.44g不等。生境水分条件较差的种群(P-01、03、06)种子千粒重大于生境水分条件较好的种群(P-02、04、05)。P-02种群种子产量最大但其种子千粒重较小,P-03种群种子产量最小,而其对应的种子千粒重较大。不同生境梭梭种群种子数量和质量关系的变化,反映了种群繁殖策略的差异,这也在一定程度上体现了梭梭种群繁殖策略对不同生境条件的积极适应。同时,来自5个不同生境梭梭种群的供试种子均表现出较强的耐盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的能力。 近自然保存条件下,来自6个不同生境梭梭种群的供试种子的萌发率在第2个月迅速降至平均75%左右,其后缓慢下降,到第19个月时,萌发率降至平均50%左右,其后萌发率加速下降,到第30个月时仅有平均20%左右的萌发率。从种子散布过程来看,初期散落种子萌发率较中后期散落种子小,质量较好的种子多在11月中下旬到12月初散落。此时,气温较低,动物活动基本停止,厚厚的积雪覆盖有利于梭梭种子活力的保持。这里种子质量、散落时间和自然条件的紧密联系与协调体现了梭梭种子散布策略对于自然环境的积极适应。同时,土壤种子库中种子萌发率较低,只有平均18%左右。由此可以确定,梭梭土壤种子库中种子萌发形成幼苗的数量是非常有限的;同时说明土壤种子库种子质量好,萌发力强,是梭梭幼苗实现定居的重要保证。 幼苗阶段是植物生活史中对环境条件反应最敏感的时期。4月到10月,幼苗的密度随时间迅速降低。幼苗死亡率的峰值出现在5月底到6月中下旬,死亡率高达57%左右。此时气温基本达到全年最高的水平,降雨稀少,浅层土壤水分下降造成了这一时期幼苗的大量死亡。模拟融雪量条件下幼苗生长实验表明,16mm供水量下,种子萌发出土后易出现“闪苗”现象,幼苗迅速大量死亡。28mm供水量下,幼苗的垂直根生长速率与浅层土壤变干速率相当,在生长季不同阶段,根系均达到了土壤水分相对较好的层次,其水分条件可以满足幼苗存活的需要。48mm、72mm供水量下幼苗垂直根长、根生长速率、根冠比均显著大于28mm供水量,幼苗长势较好。整体来看,模拟融雪量越大越有利于当年生梭梭幼苗的存活与生长。
英文摘要Haloxylon ammodendron is a small tree belonged to Haloxylon Bunge (Chenopodiacee). It is the dominant species of the desert vegetation in Junggar Basin and it has the function of wind prevention, sand fixation, climate and soil improvement, and so on. It constructs the Haloxylon forest. The Haloxylon forest is the important forest resource of Xinjiang and it is the main part of the desert ecosystem. It is a natural barrier to protect the oasis and has an extremely important role in the maintenance of the desert-oasis ecological balance. Since nearly half a century, due to the unreasonable utilization like Felling forests for farmland and firewood, overgrazing, the resources of Haloxylon forest dropped sharply and it leads the sand dunes activated in Gurbantunggut desert which is mainly constructed by fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes. With the global climate change and the increase of human activities, the environmental problems of drought with high temperature, desertification, salinization, and losing of biodiversity are becoming more serious. The destiny of Haloxylon forest has became a source of concern. Natural regeneration is the essence of the life history of the natural forest continuation and it is the important prerequisite for consolidating, developing the existing forest and maintaining sustainable forest functions. This research mainly works on the regeneration process of H. ammodendron. Focused on the relationship between natural regeneration and the seed production and quality, the keeping time of seed vigor, seed dispersal, seed germination, seedling establishment, and so on, it would find and discuss the key stages and the key ecological impact factors in the achievement of natural regeneration. The results were below. H. ammodendron distributed in diverse habitats of sand, clay, saline soil, gravel Gobi with good adaptability. The plant density of six H. ammodendron populations from different habitats was from 500 plant/hm2 to 4843 plant/hm2. The individual number of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ diameter class from 6 populations was 96.21%、63.38%、94.38%、81.49%、62.42%、87.56% separately of the total plants and most of the individuals were belonged to small diameter class. The survival curves of the studied 6 populations were closed to Deevey Ⅲ. The Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ diameter class had the highest mortality rate, followed by mortality rate rapidly decreasing. After that the populations became stabilized. Totally, the population of H. ammodendron is belonging to the increasing type. Seed number analysis showed that the average seed yield of individual plant in 6 populations was from 2.36g to 256.90g. The corresponding seed number was from 1056 to 140823. The seed dispersal of H. ammodendron began in early November and almost stopped in middle January of the next year. It lasted about 3 months. In the seed rain process the cumulative seed rain density of the 6 populations was from 17 seed/m2 to 1208 seed/m2.
中文关键词梭梭 ; 准噶尔盆地 ; 生境 ; 种子 ; 幼苗 ; 种群 ; 自然更新
英文关键词Haloxylon ammodendron Junggar Basin Habitats Seed Seedling Population Natural regeneration
语种中文
国家中国
来源学科分类植物学
来源机构中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所
资源类型学位论文
条目标识符http://119.78.100.177/qdio/handle/2XILL650/287284
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
吕朝燕. 梭梭自然更新过程的生态学研究[D]. 中国科学院大学,2013.
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