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Contamination of agricultural soil with high concentrations of fluorine (F) and cadmium (Cd) have raised significant concerns regarding their impacts on human health but the relationship between F and Cd in soil-wheat plant system in an oasis region has not been investigated. This paper aims to study the accumulation and interaction of F and total Cd in the soil-wheat plant system while considering the potential risks of F and Cd to human health. Soil samples were collected from wastewater-irrigated oasis regions, Dongdagou and Xidagou. The concentrations of total F (F-T) and Cd in soils from the Dongdagou and Xidagou stream basins were higher than those in uncontaminated soils (F = 270.25 mg kg(-1), Cd = 0.10 mg kg(-1)). Water-soluble F (F-W) and F-T contributed to F concentrations in underground parts of wheat when the samples were collected from Dongdagou, however, F in aboveground parts may be mainly influenced by atmospheric F. The main source of F in wheat plants collected from the Xidagou site may be mainly controlled by atmospheric F, including aboveground and underground parts. Soils in the studied region pose a potentially severe health risk for humans via bioaccumulation of toxic metals through the food chain, and therefore, are not suitable for planting wheat meant for human consumption. Cd had a significantly negative effect on F accumulation in wheat root from Dongdagou (P < 0.01). This field study provided F-Cd interactions that occur in soils from an oasis region at environmentally relevant concentrations. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.